Linux Storage & Filesystems: Disks, Partitions, Mounts, and Disk Usage

How Linux Stores Data, Mounts Disks, and Survives Failures.

Ask any experienced Linux administrator what causes the most production outages, and the answer is rarely CPU, memory, or networking. It’s storage.

• Disks silently fill up.
• Filesystems become corrupted.
• Mount points fail.
• Logs stop writing.
• Databases crash.
• Systems refuse to boot.

Storage failures are rarely loud at the start. They accumulate quietly, often unnoticed, until they trigger sudden and severe outages.

In the previous post, I covered Linux Foundations (Beginner): How Linux Really Works – Not Just Commands, focusing on the internal mechanics that power a Linux system.

Next, I explored Mastering Linux Core Operations: Users, Permissions, sudo, Packages & Services (Beginner → Intermediate), where control, access, and system structure come into focus.

I then covered Linux Processes & Networking: Monitoring, Signals, Ports, and Connectivity, shifting the focus to visibility, performance, and system stability.

This guide builds on all of those by introducing a new core principle: reliability.

You’ll learn how Linux stores data, how disks and partitions are structured, how file systems work, and most importantly, how to detect, prevent, and recover from the storage issues that bring down real-world Linux systems.

HOW LINUX SEES STORAGE (CORE CONCEPT)

Linux treats storage devices as files; everything is a file in Linux.

Disks appear as

/dev/sda
/dev/sdb

Partitions appear as

/dev/sda1
/dev/sda2

This design allows Linux to:

• Abstract hardware
• Support HDDs, SSDs, NVMe, USB, cloud block storage
• Mount storage anywhere in the filesystem
• Treat all devices consistently

Lab: List All Storage Devices

lsblk

This shows:

• Disks
• Partitions
• Sizes
• Mount points

Lab: View Detailed Disk Information

sudo fdisk -l

This is your first step in understanding how Linux sees storage.

Disks vs Partitions

Disk

A disk is the physical or virtual storage device.

Examples:

• HDD
• SSD
• NVMe
• Cloud block storage (AWS EBS, Azure Managed Disk, GCP Persistent Disk)

Partition

A partition is a logical slice of a disk.

Why partitions exist:

• Separate OS and data
• Improve organization
• Enable multiple filesystems
• Support dual‑boot setups
• Protect system files

Lab: Identify Disks vs Partitions

lsblk -o NAME,TYPE,SIZE,MOUNTPOINT

Look for:

• disk → physical/virtual device
• part → partitions

Filesystems (What Makes Data Usable)

A filesystem defines:

• How data is stored
• How files are named
• How permissions work
• How metadata is tracked

Common Linux filesystems:

• ext4 → most common, stable
• xfs → enterprise, scalable
• vfat → USB drives, FAT32 compatibility
• btrfs → snapshots, advanced features

Without a filesystem, a disk is raw and unusable.

Lab: Check Filesystem Types

lsblk -f

You will learn

• Filesystem formats

• UUIDs (important for fstab)

Lab: Create a Filesystem (ext4)

⚠️ Only run this on a test disk, not a production system.

sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1

This formats the partition with ext4.

Lab: Inspect Directory Sizes

du -sh /var
du -sh /home/*

You will learn

• What consumes space

• Why logs grow

Mounting: How Linux Accesses Storage

Linux does not use drive letters like Windows (C:, D:).

Instead, storage is mounted into the directory tree.

Example mount point:

/mnt/data

Once mounted, the disk becomes part of the filesystem.

Lab: Create a Mount Point

sudo mkdir -p /mnt/data

Lab: Mount a Partition

sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/data

You will learn

• Manual mounting

• Testing before persistence

Lab: Unmount Safely

sudo umount /mnt/test

You will learn

• Why mounted disks can’t be removed

• Avoiding data corruption

Lab: Verify Mount

df -h

df -h /
watch df -h

mount
findmnt

/etc/fstab: Persistent Mounts (Critical File)

/etc/fstab controls:

• What disks mount at boot
• Where they mount
• With what options

A mistake here can:

❌ prevent boot ❌ cause emergency mode ❌ break services

Admins treat this file with respect.

Lab: View fstab

cat /etc/fstab

You will learn

• Boot-time mounts

• Why UUIDs are safer than device names

Lab: Add a Persistent Mount (Safe Method)

1. Get the UUID:

blkid /dev/sdb1

2. Add to /etc/fstab:

UUID=xxxx-xxxx   /mnt/data   ext4   defaults   0   2

3. Test without rebooting:

sudo mount -a

If no errors appear, the entry is valid.

Disk Usage & Capacity (Why Systems Fail)

When disks fill up:

• Services crash
• Logs stop writing
• Databases fail
• Containers stop
• Servers become unstable

Monitoring disk usage is a core admin responsibility.

Lab: Check Disk Usage

df -h

Lab: Find Large Files

sudo du -sh /* 2>/dev/null | sort -h

Lab: Check Inode Usage (Often Forgotten)

df -i

If inodes run out, you cannot create new files even if space is available.

Key Takeaway

Linux storage is simple in design but unforgiving when mismanaged.

Admins don’t wait for disks to fail; they monitor, mount carefully, and plan capacity.

This tutorial guide gives you the skills to prevent the most common cause of Linux outages.

Next Step: Linux Security & Hardening: Permissions, SSH, Firewalls, and System Protection